Baked clays { muhr } with the name of the Imam engraved...

Baked clays { muhr } with the name of the Imam engraved therein were found on them … In 321 AH, ‘Ali ibn Yalbakh, the Turkish commander, ordered the cursing of Mu‘awiyah and Yazid on the pulpits. The public made a hullabaloo, and Barbahari, the leading Hanbali, and his supporters were identified as the ones responsible for the unrest.

On account of the seditions and attitudes of the Hanbalis toward the people in 323 AH, it was ordered that two Hanbalis should not be seen together anywhere in Baghdad, and the ‘Abbasid caliph Radhi issued an order in which the offences to be committed by the Hanbalis and their corresponding punishments were indicated. (6) Summary During the ‘Abbasid period, the ‘Alawi movements constantly emerged, a definite consequence of which was the diaspora of the ‘Alawis in the different regions.

As such, during the second century AH, Shi‘ism transcended beyond the frontiers of the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq. The journey of the ‘Abbasid campaigners to Khurasan began at the beginning of the second-century A.H when many people initially embraced Shi‘ism through Shi‘ism with more Kaysani influence. Since the second century AH, Qum has become one of the most important Shia-dominated cities. This city was founded by the Shia and Shi‘ism there has always been Ithna ‘Ash‘ari Imamiyyah.

Although Baghdad was the capital of the ‘Abbasid caliphate, by the transfer of Shia from the neighbouring cities such as Kufah, Basrah and Mada’in, it became one of the demographic concentration centres of the Shia. During the third century AH, Shi‘ism was extended to many regions in the Muslim territories. This fact is clearly illustrated from the list of the regions where the pure Imams ( ‘a ) had their representatives.

It was for this reason that the Shia governments in Tabaristan, Yemen and Africa were set up. Up to the end of the third century AH, Kufah, Qum, Samarra, and Nayshabur were regarded as the most important Shia-populated cities. NOTES: ______________________ 1. Mu‘jam al-Buldan, vol. 2, p. 361. 2. Sayyid Muhsin Amin, A‘yan ash-Shi‘ah (Beirut: Dar at-Ta‘aruf Li’l-Matbu‘at, n.d.), vol. 1, p. 29. 3.

Abu Ja‘far Muhammad ibn Jarir ibn Rustam Tabari, Tarikh at-Tabari, 2nd edition (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1408 AH), vol. 5, p. 365. 4. Jalal ad-Din ‘Abd ar-Rahman Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa’ (Qum: Intisharat ash-Sharif ar-Radi, 1411 AH), p. 524. 5.