The reason why this is being said here is that those who...

The reason why this is being said here is that those who have refuted the concurrence of Divine will with human will have first assumed that the only manner in which two causes can concur is if they were parallel in their agency and causation. And because this type of concurrence is obviously impossible, they concluded that the human being is independent in his will. While their mistake stems from their lack of conceiving two or more causes related in a vertical and hierarchical manner; i.e.

cause B receives its existence and efficacy from cause A, and cause C, in turn, receives its existence and efficacy from cause B, and so on. (Tr.) 3. Surat al-Fussilat (41), Verse 11. 4. Surat Maryam (19), Verse 93. 5. That is,…