Without the freedom of choice and action for man...

Without the freedom of choice and action for man, there could never arise the question of reward and punishment, for otherwise, that would have amounted to arbitrariness, that is, injustice on the part of God. In this context, all the controversies in theology seem to be pointless and irrelevant. The Qadarite and the Mu’tazilite doctrine of complete freedom also ignore the relativity of freedom in relation to different individuals.

The Jabrite notion of determinism goes against Islamic teachings and can be understood in light of the socio-political expediencies of the age. Iqbal has correctly analyzed and…