In later periods to this day...

In later periods to this day, these issues are addressed under an independent title for Divine Justice in theological works. It seems that in the use and application of such great notion of Tawhid which comprises all related aspects to the Divine Being, al-Saduq follows the footsteps of al-Kulayni in al-Kafi .

This is when Ibn Khuzayma (d.311/923) the author of al-Tawhid who is contemporary with al-Kulayni, discussed such topics as divine providence and predestination, determinism and freewill in his al-Qadar.

Its Significance The title “al-Tawhid” in early centuries of Islam, had been an indication of theological outlines and directions of different sects and schools; for the same reason, many theorists in different Islamic sects used such manifestos with the title al-Tawhid, to introduce the teachings of their sect. Some of such theorists are as follows: Some figures among Khawarij Some of Mu’tazilas Hisham b. Hakam (the known pupil of Imam al-Sadiq (a)) Hasan b. Musa al-Nawbakhti Hasan b. Salih b.

Hay (from Zaydis) Likewise, Hadith promoters from among Sunnis and Shi’a, set forth particular books with the title al-Tawhid to present their opinions based on verses of the Qur’an and narrations. Aside from al-Tawhid lil-Mufaddal -that is believed to have been stated under the authority of Imam al-Sadiq (a) – some individuals like: Ibn Abi al-Khattab (d.262/876) and ‘Ali b. Husayn Babiwayh (d.329/941), the father of al-Shaykh al-Saduq, have authored books about al-Tawhid too.

Furthermore, within Hadith collections like al-Kafi, a specific chapter titled: al-Tawhid, is dedicated to this topic.

Similar situation existed among Sunnis in the late third to fourth centuries; in addition to Ibn Khuzayma, some individuals like: Ibn Minda (310/922-395/1005) in al-Tawhid wa ma’rifat asma’ Allah ta’ala, and Hafiz Darqutni (306/918-385/995) in al-Tawhid wa al-sifat and each of Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud and Ibn Maja within their Hadith collections and under titles like: Kitab al-Iman (the chapter on Faith) or al-rad ala al-jahmiyya (refuting Jahmiyya) have dealt with the issues of Tawhid and divine attributes.