Ayatollah Hasan Muddaris emerged as a pivotal figure in this movement...

Ayatollah Hasan Muddaris emerged as a pivotal figure in this movement, advocating for the integration of Islamic principles with constitutional ideals [10] . His role reflected his deep commitment to justice, national sovereignty, and the protection of religious and cultural values. Ayatollah Muddaris therefore supported the establishment of a constitution and a parliamentary system (Majlis) as essential mechanisms to limit royal authority and ensure the participation of the people in governance.

He saw these structures as tools to safeguard Iran’s independence from foreign interference and protect the rights of its citizens. II) Role in Parliament: A Voice for Justice Ayatollah Hasan Muddaris’ tenure in the Iranian Parliament (Majlis) was a defining chapter in his life, solidifying his reputation as a courageous advocate for justice and an unwavering defender of Islamic values.

Elected as a representative of Tehran during the second Majlis in 1914 [11] , Muddaris brought with him a profound sense of responsibility to address the pressing issues of his time. His presence in the legislature marked a pivotal moment in the struggle to balance constitutional reforms with the preservation of Iran’s Islamic identity and national sovereignty. One of Muddaris’ most significant contributions to the Majlis was his relentless opposition to foreign interference in Iranian affairs.

At a time when British and Russian imperial powers sought to manipulate Iran’s political and economic systems for their gain, Muddaris emerged as a vocal critic of foreign domination. He consistently argued against treaties and agreements that undermined Iran’s sovereignty, including unfavorable trade deals and concessions to foreign companies.

Muddaris was instrumental in opposing the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919, which aimed to grant Britain significant control over Iran’s military, financial, and administrative affairs. His speeches in the Majlis resonated with nationalist sentiment, galvanizing public support for resistance against foreign exploitation. In the Majlis, Muddaris was not only a statesman but also a guardian of Islamic values.

He viewed the secularization policies being promoted by certain factions within the government as a direct threat to Iran’s cultural and religious heritage.