An ill person who based on personal judgment or the...

An ill person who based on personal judgment or the statement of a reliable physician fears harm for himself due to fasting is exempted from Ramadan fast. However, he is expected to make the reparation fast thereafter. Similarly, if someone has an illness that makes him very thirsty and he cannot bear being thirsty, or it is excessively difficult for him to bear it, then fasting is not obligatory on him.

However, in the second case, he must give one Mudd of food to a poor person for each missed fast; and if he can fast afterward, he doesn’t need to make them up. Meanwhile, one who does not fast in Ramadan due to an illness is exempted from their qadā’ -provided that his illness continues to the next Ramadan- but should pay one Mudd of food for each fast. Travelling during the month of Ramadan is not forbidden. However, travelling to escape fasting is disapproved.

Similarly, travelling in general in the month of Ramadan is disapproved except for ʿUmrah or because of necessity [4] . A traveller is among those who are exempted from Ramadan fast. It is not allowed for a traveller (having the necessary conditions of a traveller) to fast; otherwise, his fast is void. A travelling in which the traveller is expected (i.e., obligatory) to reduce the rakats in Zuhr, Asr, and Isha’i prayers to two rak’at, it is not allowed for him to fast as well.

In other words, the travelling that necessitates the shortening of four raka’t prayers to two rak’at is the one that makes fasting not permissible. If a fasting person travels after ẓuhr, he must, based on obligatory precaution, complete his fast; and in such a case, it is not necessary for him to make up that fast. If he travels before ẓuhr, then based on obligatory precaution, he cannot fast on that day, particularly if he had made the intention to travel the night before.

In any case, he must not do anything that invalidates a fast before reaching the permitted limit (ḥadd al‑tarakhkhuṣ); otherwise, kaffārah becomes obligatory for him [5] .

If a traveller in the month of Ramadan – whether he travelled before sunrise or he was fasting and then travelled – reaches his hometown (waṭan) or a place where he intends to stay for ten days before ẓuhr, in the event that he did not do anything that invalidates a fast before reaching that place, he must, based on obligatory precaution, fast on that day and it is not obligatory for him to make it up.