In 1239...

In 1239, the Crusade led by the king of Navarre was defeated, and so also did the one led by King Louis IX of France (1249) end in disaster. (10) One great fall-out of the Crusades was the realization by Christendom of the profound literary, cultural and scientific achievements of the Muslims. They learnt from and borrowed ideas from the Muslims. The contact of the West with the East inspired Christendom the determination to improve itself.

No less a phenomenon than the Renaissance was inspired by this contact between Islam and Europe. (11) It must be realized that…