It also includes refraining from committing errors and expressing unawareness...

It also includes refraining from committing errors and expressing unawareness, even if such things are rationally not impossible for the prophets [5] .” Meanwhile, it is pertinent to mention that the meaning of prophetic infallibility in Islam goes beyond simple sinlessness; it encompasses a comprehensive spiritual and moral integrity in all aspects of the Prophet’s life, whether in belief, actions, or speech.

According to most scholars, this infallibility is not due to a lack of free will, but rather because of their heightened awareness of God’s presence and their special status as messengers.

In this regard, Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi writes: “…though a ma‘ṣūm [the infallible] has the ability to commit sin, he never even imagines of committing a sin because (a) the love for God in his heart leaves no room for displeasing Him by committing sins, and (b) he is fully aware of the consequences of committing sins [6] .” Prophetic Infallibility in Islamic Schools The doctrine of prophetic infallibility in Islam is a well-established concept, but its interpretation and scope vary among the major Islamic schools of thought.

While all schools agree on the essential trustworthiness and moral uprightness of the prophets, they differ regarding the nature, extent, and timing of this infallibility. These differences reflect theological, jurisprudential, and philosophical concerns within both Sunni and Shia traditions. 1. Sunni Perspectives on Prophetic Infallibility Prophetic infallibility in Islam is a subject of varied interpretation among Sunni Muslims .

All Sunni scholars agree that, regarding prophetic infallibility in Islam, prophets cannot lie or commit acts of disbelief (kufr), whether before or after their divine mission. They also concur that prophets do not commit any sins intentionally, affirming a core aspect of prophetic infallibility in Islam. However, there is disagreement when it comes to unintentional major sins: while the majority allow for the possibility, a minority rejects it.

Concerning minor sins, most Sunnis believe that prophets may commit them, as long as such actions do not diminish their status or integrity in the eyes of the people. These views reflect the nuanced understanding of prophetic infallibility in Islam within Sunni theology [7] . 2.