ভূমিকা

Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books History of Western Philosophy Function: Method of Obtaining Logic: the Science of Sciences Theme: analysis of form and content of thought. Scientific truth is characterized by strict necessity: to establish a scientific proposition it must be proved that it could not possibly be otherwise. Demonstration: the form of thought: propositions from propositions: the syllogism. Intuition or induction: establishment of primary propositions.

Intuition is the apprehension of the universal element in the particular: or induction. Content: the doctrine of the categories [also part of his metaphysics]: categories are the fundamental, indivisible concepts of thought: the most fundamental and universal predicates that can be affirmed of anything, not mere forms of thought or language but also predicates of realitythe ten categories [^1] what [e.g., man: substance], [^2] how it is constituted [e.g., white: quality], [^3] how large [quantity], [^4] relation [double, greater], [^5] where [space], [^6] when [time], [^7] posture, [^8] condition [e.g., armed: state], [^9] activity [what it does], [^10] what it suffers [what is done to it].

2.3.2.4 Metaphysics Substance [that which exists], abstractly defined in metaphysics, is a key conceptand is in sharp contrast to the Platonic notion.

In rejecting the Platonic theory of ideas, Aristotle offers two broad criticisms [seven actual items]: [^1] ideas, though intended to explain the nature of things, are not adequate to do so, and [^1] the relation between things and ideas is inexplicable [and even somewhat contradictory leading to a regress: the idea of the relation, the idea of the idea of].

In contrast to Plato who held that things were incomplete copies of universals [the form is the substance] and in contradiction to the atomism of Democritus, Aristotle regards particular objects as real substances, but the essence of a thing is its form: the class to which it belongs. There is plurality of substances, hierarchically arranged: indeterminate matterphysical objectsplantsanimalsmanGod.

The process of becoming, or change: the substratum [matter] persists and changes, governed by forms [qualities] which are responsible for diversity and change.