He does not tell "how it was possible for connections to be...

He does not tell "how it was possible for connections to be made at the dawn of knowledge which today are [or seem] impossible without an a priori synthetic mind." 4.12.3.1 Laws of evolution Concentration differentiation formation 4.12.3.2 Biology Adaptation of internal to external relations 4.12.3.3 Psychology Consciousness is adaptation of serially ranged inner states to outer states 4.12.3.4 External world Idealism is a disease of language"realism forced on us by the basal law of consciousness, the universal law of reason." "Ontological order and relation are the source of the phenomenal." 4.12.3.5 Ethics Welfare of units and groups, not society, is the end [target] of morality: 4.12.3.6 Justice The limit of evolution in which all humans achieve ends in harmony Beneficence: mutual aid 4.12.3.7 Optimism Life brings more happiness than misery 4.12.3.8 Hedonism Good is the pleasurable 4.12.3.9 Politics Spencer is against socialism and state interference; he is for competition and laissez faire in social, economic and political spheres 5 THE RECENT PERIOD: LATE 19TH TO 21ST CENTURY I think of the recent period as the 20th and 21st centuries but not to the exclusion of the 19th century.

The recent period can be seen this will be given an intrinsic refinement below as that period in which we are immersed to the point that it is difficult to have the objectivity that comes from distance and un-involvement.

This is not to imply that objectivity is otherwise impossible or that there is an absolute value to distance and un-involvement Recent tendencies grow out of the developments to this point and the cultural influences these include the cultural trends of the West including such main influences as Cartesianism, science and, within philosophy, the dualism of rationalism vs. empiricism and all its twists, turns and divisions.

Philosophy starts from realism but by criticism [the conflict of] realism is found to be not absolute but depends upon the common culture the common paradigms, pictures, symbols and stories or myths. Cultural influences also include those from other modern, ancient and native societies and civilizations. These influences are detailed below 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.1.1 Influences on recent philosophy First, I outline some influences on recent philosophy.

The "internal" influences are the trends arising in the history of philosophy until the recent period.