Niyazi Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey , pp.

Niyazi Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey , pp. 300-02 and 338-39; also Haydar Ali Dirioz’s brief paper in Turkish on Fikret’s birth-centenary translated by Dr M. H. Notqi in Journal of the Regional Cultural Institute , 1/4 (Autumn 1968), 12-15. It is for Turkish-Persian scholars to determine the extent to which Fikret made use of the great poet-thinker Bedil (d. 1133/1721) for ‘the anti-religious and especially anti-Islamic propaganda in Central Asia’.

Among very many works on both Bedil and Fikret that have appeared since Allama’s days and are likely to receive the scholars’ attention, mention must be made of Allama’s own short perceptive study: ‘Bedil in the Light of Bergson’, and unpublished essay in Allama’s hand (20 folios) preserved in the Allama Iqbal Museum (Lahore); cf. Dr Ahmad Nabi Khan, Relics of Allama Iqbal (Catalogue) , 1, 25, with photographic reproduction of the first sheet. [^20]: Cf.

John Oxenford (tr.), Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Sorret , p. 41. [^21]: The Qur’an condemns monkery; see 57:27; 2:201; and 28:77. Cf. also Speeches, Writings and Statements of Iqbal , ed. A. L. Sherwani, p. 7, for Allama Iqbal’s observations on the respective attitudes of Christianity and Islam towards the problems of life, leading to his keenly profound pronouncement: ‘The religious ideal of Islam, therefore, is organically related to the social order which it has created’.

[^22]: There are many verses of the Qur’an wherein it has been maintained that the universe has not been created in sport ( l«’ibân ) or in vain ( b«Çil-an ) but for a serious end or with truth ( bi’l-Áhaqq ). These are respectively: (a) 21:16; 44:38; (b) 3:191; 38:27; (c) 6:73; 10:5; 14:19; 15:85; 16:3; 29:44; 30:8; 39:5; 44:39; 45:22; 46:3; and 64:3.

[^23]: See also the Quranic verse 51:47 wherein the phrase inna la-mu`si’u`n has been interpreted to clearly foreshadow the modern notion of the ‘expanding universe’ (cf. M. Asad, The Message of the Qur’a`n , p. 805, note 31). [^24]: Reference here is in particular to the Prophetic tradition worded as: l«tasubbëal-dahra fa inn All«h huwa’l-dahru , (AÁmad Àanbal, Musnad , V, 299 and 311). Cf.

also Bukh«râ, Tafsâr : 45; TauÁâd : 35; Adab `: 101; and Muslim , Alf«z 2-4; for other variants of the Áadâth SaÁâfa Hamm«m-Bin-Munabbih (ed. Dr. M. Hamidullah) Áadâth 117, gives one of its earliest recorded texts.