ভূমিকা

Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books History of The Caliphs Shi‘ite Muslims In The Last Decades Of The Umayyad State The Shi‘ite Muslims Under the Pressure of the Umayyads As previously mentioned, Umayyads had three obstinate foes, namely Kharijites who were of great trouble to them during various periods. Shi'ite Muslims who were in opposition to Mu'awiya from 'Ali's term on and thereafter Imam Husayn (a), the penitents, Mukhtar, Zayd Ibn 'Ali and Yahya Ibn Yazid ran wild against them.

Moreover, Shi'ites's ideology especially its political aspect based on which the 'Alawites authority was a lawful one operated as an effective trend in the society producing a great threat to the Umayyads.

In reality, subsequent to their eradication, Shi'ite Muslims were the Umayyads's successor and ultimately the third group was Iraqi people who regardless of their religion, went on the rampage against them since the treatment of Damascus towards them which probably stemmed from tribal or regional prejudice was a contemptuous one.

In spite of the fact that such movements someTimes had leaders or some supporters who had good will, most of the time they covering their objectives as well as reviving the Prophet's Sunna as well as social justice. Although all of those groups were threatening the Umayyads, the two first groups were more threatening. It is known that the Kharijites at last could subjugate them in Iraq, then some of those so-called Shi'ite Muslims opportunistically overthrew the and came to power themselves.

The Umayyads was striving hard to confine Shi'ite Muslims by any means to prevent them from increasing their influence. Formerly, we touched upon how the Umayyads bothered the 'Alawites. Now, by bringing some examples, matter is elucidated. During the Umayyads' rule excluding a short time during 'Umar Ibn 'Abd al-’Aziz,[^1] they insulted Imam 'Ali (a).

From among them one can name Khalid Ibn 'Abd Allah Qasri who did the same while being on the pulpit[^2] as well as describing him in the most biting way.[^3] And as one would expect to justify what he had done, he urged some traditionalists to vilify him.

For the very same reason, Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik wrote a letter to A'mash, a so-colled Shi'ites in Kufa and called upon him to compile a book about 'Uthman's virtues and Imam 'Ali's wrongdoings but he refrained from doing so[^4] while such individuals as Zuhri did never hesitated to do this.