Insofar as its relationship with the human beings is concerned...

Insofar as its relationship with the human beings is concerned, it is called predestination and freewill ( jabr and ikhtiyar ). And as far as its link with God is concerned, it is called decree and destiny. The research has been extended to cover the issue of [Divine] Justice ( adl ) for the obvious correlation between predestination and injustice, on the one hand, and freewill and justice, on the other.

Justice, however, led to the study of the “inbuilt good and repugnance” ( husn and qubh ) of the human actions; this in turn led to the study of reason (aql) and intellectual independence. As a result of discussing all these topics, yet another subject came to…