ভূমিকা

up to this day and have not neglected it. The Glorious Qur’ān is the most important source that speaks of these wars and battles, and we find a lot about this subject in its commentaries. The most important of these commentaries are: Tabari’s Commentary, Nayshāburi’s Asbāb al-Nuzul , Qurtubi’s al-Jāmi li Ahkām al-Qur’ān , Baydhāwi’s Anwār al-Tanzil wa Asrār al-Ta’wil and Suyuti’s al-Itqān fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’ān .

Among these, Tabari’s commentary, which describes the details of what takes place in the battles and also Nayshāburi’s commentary, which records the occasion of revelation of specific verses in relation to the battles, are especially important.

Material about these issues can [also] be found in various books of history and biography, the most important among which include: Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhri’s al-Maghāzi al-Nabawiyya , Ibn Is’hāq’s al-Siyar wa al-Maghāzi , al-Wāqidi’s al-Maghāzi al-Nabawiyya, Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi’s Jawāmi’ al-Sirah , al-Kalā’i’s al-Ihtifā’ and Ibn Sayyid al-Nās’ Uyun al-Athar .

Wāqidi was more precise in his historical recordings of all the wars than the others, and by describing the affairs of war and its management, he has been able to tackle the subject better. We cannot find complete references to the organization of the military except in his treatise. After him, Ibn Sa’d continues his work in the book al-Tabaqāt al-Kubrā and presents a picture of that which Wāqidi had not recorded.

However, the most important books of history about this subject are: Tārikh Ibn Khayyāt , Bukhāri’s Tārikh al-Kabir , Tārikh Tabari , Tārikh Ibn ‘Asākir , Ibn Atheer’s al-Kāmil fi al-Tārikh , Ibn Katheer’s al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya , and also some biographical commentaries like Suhayli’s Rawdh al-Unf have also set out to give details of such issues. Books of Hadith and Jurisprudence have also devoted specific chapters and sections for these matters.