b) Bloodlust and revenge...

b) Bloodlust and revenge: This was caused by social events like marriage and divorce[^17], social interactions among the members of a tribe[^18], jealousy, malice and competition[^19], or because of the establishment of relations by the allies with other tribes.[^20] c) Increasing the status and power of the warring tribe: The fundamental principle was, ‘One who does not kill is killed and one who does not fight is fought’[^21].

Also, once one tribe loses a battle, their power will never be regained and they are destined to destruction and annihilation and become incapable of defending themselves[^22]. d) Increasing the number of forces and soldiers in the army: The sources have not mentioned the size of the pagan Arab armies but they have noted that every tribe, with all its warriors, was considered one ‘army block’[^23], and these were the people who would engage the other tribes in battle.

When the tribes would join forces, a large army would be formed[^24]. The number of tribes that came together in a battle against the Greeks numbered 218 and consisted of more than ten thousand soldiers. When we refer to the compendiums, lexicons and books of literature, we find that some Arabs paid much attention to the organization and creation of armies while some even independently[^25] joined their tribes and entered the battle.

Nu’mān bin Mundhir had formed numerous organizations including the battalions called al-Shubhā’ , al-Dawwasar [^26] and al-Radhā’i’ ^27 . The following names indicate the number of forces of the various groups of fighters and the types of weapons they used: Al-Raht – 3 to 10 people[^28]. Al-‘Usbah – 10 to 40 people[^29]. Al-Miqnab ( al-Minsar ) – 30 or 40 up to 300 on horseback[^30].

Al-Jumrah ( al-Qabilah ) – 300 to 1,000 on horseback.[^31] Al-Sariyah – 40 to 500[^32] and at the very least 5 to 300 people[^33]. Al-Kutayba – 100 to 1,000 people or from 400 to 10,000 people[^34]. Al-Jaysh ( Faylaq or Juhfal ) – 100 to 4,000 people[^35]. Al-Khamis – from 4,000 to 12,000 people[^36]. All these groups or units would be strengthened by the backing of another group. In this case, it would be called Kutaybah wa Jarrajah [^37] or Jarradah , Jayshin Lujab and Khamisin ‘Armum [^38].

The person who commanded a force of more than a thousand would be known as Jarrarayn [^39]. The Kutayba (the group with between 100 and 1,000 people) and Jumrah (300 to 1,000 riders) were two of the most important groups in the wars of the Arabs before Islām.