He felt that reform was necessary not only in the academic...

He felt that reform was necessary not only in the academic field but also in the field of the propagation of Islam. It should be poited out here that the teaching in the madrassahs of Najaf comprises two stages. The first stage is a preparatory one in which tthe main text are taught so as to prepare the student to move n to the second stage in which he must attend the classses of the leading teachers and acquire specialised knowledge.

It was the pregatatory stage which was need of reshaping and revising. Muzaffar realised that new books had to be written and new subjects added to the curriculum, and in furtherance of his aims he founded Kulliyah al-Fiqh, the College of Islamic Studies. As far as the persentation of Islamic thought is concerned, this also consists of two branches: speaking and writtng, and ash-Shaykh al-Muzaffar paid dattention to both of them.

Through his Muntada an-Nashr, the institute mentioned above, he was able to form a new generation of speakers and teacher, and puclish a new style of books, The College, Kulliyah al-Fiqh, also mentioned above, was founded in 1355 A.H, and in 1376, Muzaffar managed to lay the foundation stone of a complete educational institute, which obtained government recognition from the Minstry of Education in 1377 A.H.

Both of these establishments remained his responsibility up to the end of his life, and he spared neither energy nor money to see his institutes flourish and prosper. As a man he was free from egotism, and never held any grudge against any person, He rendered hsi services to the Creator alone, and paid no attention to rewards from others. His selflessness knew no bounds, It is fitting to end this short biography with ihs own words.

"We are prepared for new sacrifices, we are readyto resigh and give up our activities as soon as we find someone else tro take on these responsibilities, all the more so if this were to result in a widening of these institutions. These people should be confident. NOTES TO TEXT page 21 the major sins (al-kuba'ir) from the point of view of Islam are, according to some, seven, but according to others uncountable. the Latter say that they are arranged in dgrees.

They include shirk (associating anything or anybody with Allah) which is the greatest sin and cannot be forgiven by Allah (see Qur'an, 4;48 & 116), killing a believer unjustly, fleeing from jihad, causen destress to one's parents, falsely accusing a woman of adultery. usury, appropriating the property of orphans.