ভূমিকা

Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books Concept of Justice, Utilitarianism and Other Modern Approaches (C) Notion of Justice and other Modern Approaches According to Kelson the longing for justice is men's eternal longing for happiness. It is happiness that man can not find alone, as an isolated individual and hence seeks in society. Justice is social happiness guaranteed by social order.18 The idea of attaining the just society is deeply problematic in modernity.

In Nietzschean terms a settled conception of justice is difficult for the modern because the modern knows too much as a result finds pluralism and perspectivism in short, pragmatism towards truth.

We are an historical epch tht knows the inevitability of change over stability whatever its theories of justice, late modernity is doomed to dynamic as opposed to static justice.19 (C) (1) - John Rawls Theories of Justice and Utilitarianism One of the earliest thinking about justice is found in Aristotle. It was he who distinguished "Corrective Justice" and "Distributive Justice".

However, the most contemporary writing about justice is about absolute justice, about the appropriate distribution of goods, which may be distributed according to needs or desert or moral virtue.20 One of the most interesting modern attempts to defend principles of justice are found in John Rawls: A Theory of Justice21 , as now reformulated in political liberalism.

John Rawls sets out two basic moral principles of justice which a constitutional democracy should satisfy: 1- the maximization of liberty are essential for the protection of liberty itself; 2- equality for all, both in the basic liberties of social life and also in distribution of all other forms of social goods, subject only to the exception that inequalities may be permitted if they produce the greatest possible benefit for those least well off in a given scheme of inequality (the difference principle); and 3- fair equality of opportunity and the elimination of all inequalities of opportunity based on birth or wealth.