Thirdly...

Thirdly, it is illusory; because the superstruc­tures, which are on the whole ideological, are nothing but inaccurate images of the reality. Depending on inaccurate images instead of a realistic analysis of the problem under study, will no doubt lead us into confusion and error.

[^36] Here the author quotes from the selected works of Marx and Engels: As in the case of an individual mere self-introspection does not help us to make any judgement, in the same way, during the period of disturbance and chaos, the ideas of that period should not be treated as helpful for judging its character. [^37] Marx makes an attempt to reject the role of consciousness, thought, and innovation, which is generally considered to be a basic agent of development.

For instance, Saint Simon, from whom Marx has borrowed a number of ideas, writing about the role of creativity in the process of evolution, says: Societies are governed by two moral forces which are equally strong and operate alternately. One is the force of habit or custom, and the other is inclination towards innovation and creativity. After some time customs necessarily become evil ....At such times, the need for something new begins to be felt.

It is this need which really constitutes the revolutionary situation. [^38] Proudhon, another of Marx's teachers, says about the role of ideas and beliefs in the evolution of societies: Political forms of nations have been the manifestations of their beliefs. Movement of the forms, their transformation and annihilation are the tests which reveal the value of the underlying ideas, through which an absolute and unchangeable reality is revealed to us gradually.

But we see that all political institutions necessarily seek adjustment with the existing social conditions in order to be saved from inevitable death. [^39] Despite all this, Marx claims that every social revolution, more than anything else, is a socio-economic necessity. It is caused by the process of polarization of civil social structure, the forces of production and social relations.

[^40] Marx tries to say that it is neither inventiveness and creativity nor revolutionarv ideas and beliefs that are instrumental in the process of social change, but it is socio-economic necessity that makes men develop and embrace new revolutionary beliefs and ideologies.