ভূমিকা

Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books Obligations and Prohibitions in Islamic Divine Law Part 2 Chapter 7: Miscellaneous Laws Pertaining To Mental And Physical Issues Haughtiness is forbidden, meaning to see oneself as superior and to regard other believers as inferior. To have this quality and not to restrain it in one’s inner self is a sin, whether we consider it an attribute that invalidates a person’s justness or not, since it is an inner sin.

Showing the effects of haughtiness in one’s words and deeds is forbidden, even if we do not regard its original existence in the inner self as forbidden. Envy is forbidden, that is, it is forbidden to have this quality in one’s inner self, to abide by its continuance, and to show its effects in one’s words, writings, and deeds. It is forbidden to despair of God’s mercy, that is, to continue to have this feeling while it is possible to overcome it.

Words and deeds that are said and done under the effect of this feeling are forbidden, just like haughtiness. To feel secured against God’s wrath is as forbidden as despair of His mercy. It is forbidden to have ill thoughts about God.

For example, to believe that God has not acted fairly towards oneself with regard to the distribution of children and wealth, that He has given less rewards to oneself than others or has determined severer punishments, or that He has placed more calamities than deserved, etc. This sin is also an inner state and it may lead to unbelief. It is forbidden to feel angry and dissatisfied towards divine providence, whether one’s own or that of another person, especially if followed by verbal objection.

However, this issue is controversial. It is forbidden to suspect or to have ill thoughts about a believer if one manifests them in speech or action. It is forbidden to act upon one’s conjecture or speculation (as opposed to knowledge), whether in principles of faith or in practical religious laws, whether in affirmation or denial of a duty, such as decreeing a certain act to be obligatory or forbidden, or to abnegate oneself of a proven decree through one’s personal speculation.

It is forbidden for men to effeminize themselves through such means like wearing feminine clothes. Likewise, it is forbidden for women to assume masculine manners through such means like wearing specifically male clothing. However, this issue is a matter of controversy.