ভূমিকা

📌Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books Al-ghazali’s Argument For the Eternity of the World and the Problem of Divine Immutability and Timelessness Notes [^1] Richard C. Martin, Mark R. Woodman, with Dwi S. Atmaja, Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu‘tazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol (Oxford: Oneworld, 1997) 1, [^35]: [^2] For a fuller biography on al-Ghazali, see Majid Fakhry, A History of Islamic Philosophy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983) 217-219; and W.

Montgomery Watt, Muslim Intellectual: A Study of Al-Ghazali (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963). Also see al-Ghazali’s biography, Deliverance from Error, Richard Joseph McCarthy, S.J. (ed.) (Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 1980). [^3] For discussion on al-Ghazali life, works, sufism and religious reform, see Ignaz Goldziher, Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981) 217-[^233]: [^4] Watt, Muslim Intellectual, [^58]: [^5] Watt.

📌Muslim Intellectual, [^59]: Note also that Fazlur Rahman agreed that although al-Ghazali overall rejected the Neoplatonic and Aristotelian philosophies, since they could not provide religious certainty, he did adopt the dualism of body and soul found in sufism. See Fazlur Rahman, Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979) 95. [^6] Watt, Muslim Intellectual, [^59]: [^7] Al-Ghazali, Incoherence of the Philosophers, Michael E. Marmura (trans.

& ed.) (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2000) [^12]: [^8] Al-Ghazali, Incoherence of the Philosophers, [^12]: [^9] Al-Ghazali, Incoherence of the Philosophers, [^2]: [^10] Watt, Muslim Intellectual, [^60]: [^11] Al-Ghazali also invokes other arguments for the existence of God. Binyamin Abrahamov writes, “the argument from design figures also in the writings of al-Ghazali (d.1111).

This argument, says al-Ghazali, being acquired, since it is taught by the Kur’an, shows the right way to know God and achieve certainty with regard to divine matters.” See Binyamin Abrahamov, Al-Kasim B. Ibraham on the Proof of God’s Existence (The Netherlands: E. J.

Brill, 1990) [^5]: [^12] Majid Fakhry, “Classical Islamic Arguments for the Existence of God,” Muslim World 47:1957, 133-[^145]: Fakhry points briefly to the existence of the argument, in two different forms, in philosophers like Aristotle, Ibn Sina, and Ibn Rushd along with a second formulation found in Islamic, Jewish and Christian theologians.

✦ ✦ ✦