An early and influential expression of one such project can...

An early and influential expression of one such project can be found in the manifesto “The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle,” released in 1929 to summarize the project of the circle of philosophers and scientists that had been, since the early 1920s, meeting in Vienna around Moritz Schlick.

The manifesto describes the “scientific world-conception” of the Circle as consisting in two main features: first an “empiricist” and “positivist” orientation demanding that “there is knowledge only from experience;” and second, the application of “a certain method, namely logical analysis .”[^7] The authors (chiefly Hans Hahn, Otto Neurath and Rudolf Carnap) explain the implications of this method: It is the method of logical analysis that essentially distinguishes recent empiricism and positivism from the earlier version that was more…