In this view of the matter...

In this view of the matter, the Caliph, for the first time in Islam, created a standing force to extract Zakat from all Muslims and remit it to the treasury. Later, the very same force was converted into an army for invasion against foreign countries. The first Caliph ordered the formation of an army to subjugate the Muslims who refused to pay Zakat and Khums .

The expedition brought great disrepute as its leader Khalid bin al-Walid not only killed Malik bin Nuwaira (the Prophet’s companion) unjustly, but also he got married (by force) to the beautiful wife of Malik immediately after killing him, without waiting for the mandatory period of Iddah [^12] to elapse. This caused great resentment among Muslims. However, the Caliph refused to take any…