when we say that a man or animal is standing, or sitting, or lying down.

when we say that a man or animal is standing, or sitting, or lying down. wad‘ al-tali The fallacy of the affirmation of the consequent; see mughalatah wad‘ al-tali. wad‘ ma laisa bi ‘illat-in ‘illat-an The fallacy of non causa pro causa; it consists in assigning a reason for some conclusion which reason in fact is irrelevant to that conclusion; see mughalatah wad‘ ma laisa bi‘illat-in ‘illat-an.

wad‘ al-muqaddam The affirmation of the antecedent in the minor premise of a mixed hypothetical syllogism (al-qiyas al- sharti al-muttasil, q.v.) leading to the affirmation of the consequent in the conclusion, a valid mode of reasoning know as Modus Ponens, i.e. the positive mode of hypothetical syllogism. It is opposed to raf ‘al-muqaddam (denial of antecedent) which is a form of logical fallacy (see mughalatah raf‘ al-muqaddam).

wahm Apprehension of the meanings of the sensible objects, a kind of cognitive experience which is also available to the animals, and one on the basis of which they are enabled to draw inferences for their physical well-being and safety. See also tawahhum and al-quwwat al-mutawahhimah. Ibn Sina and Wahm: (from "The Metaphysics of Ibn Sina" by Prof. Parviz Morewedge): ...the ability to have a mental experience of an even in contrast to the actual happening of that event.

Most references to wahm indicate conceptual operations on bodies which clarify the nature of bodily substances.... wahmiyat Imagined data or premises, i.e. propositions which though based on mere opinion, are such that the faculty of imagination necessitates our belief in them. See also maznunat. wujud Existence, concretion, actuality.

Wujud or 'existence', the masdar of the Arabic verb wajada (literally 'to have found'), is maujud, meaning an 'individual existent', or the property of an individual existent. Wujud differs from both 'essence' and 'being'. The chief example of maujud is an individual substance. Only the Necessary Existent is said to have wujud as its essence.

Other examples of entities having wujud are accidents of an individual substance which has been realized, such as the color pink in Parviz's skin, In any instance of wujud other than the Necessary Existent, the essence of the wujud, i.e. 'what it is', differs from its existence, i.e. from the fact 'that it is'. [from "The Metaphysics of Ibn Sina" by Prof. Parviz Morewedge, p. 325. with minor changes.] Previous…