ভূমিকা

Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books Dictionary of Islamic Philosophical Terms Alif ibtihaj Frui or to enjoy God, i.e. to have the bliss and beatitude of the experience of the Divine. abad Eternal a parte post, i.e. eternal without end as opposed to azal (q.v.), eternal a parte ante, i.e. eternal without beginning. Sometimes used synonymously with dahr (q.v.), i.e. time in the absolute sense.

According to the philosophers the two terms abad and azal imply each other and the world is both pre-eternal and post-eternal, a view very seriously challenged by the orthodox (notably by Imam Ghazali), for according to them God alone is abadi and azali. Ibda‘ Creation from absolute nothingness; to be distinguished from the cognate terms khalq, takwin, and ihdath, all of which presuppose the temporal priority of cause to effect.

In ibda‘ there is no priority of cause to effect; there is only priority in essence so that effect comes to be after not-being with a posteriority in essence. Ibda‘ again is of higher order than ihdath or takwin in so far as it signifies granting existence without an intermediary, be it time, or motion, or matter, one or the other of which is necessarily presupposed in ihdath and takwin.

Further, ibda‘ is specific to the creation of intelligences, khalq to that of the natural beings and takwin to that of the “corruptible” among them. Abarkhus Hipparachus: Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer of the 2nd century B.C. Ibisqulas Hypsicles: Greek mathematician. Some of his books were translated into Arabic by Qusta ibn Luqa and also perhaps by al-Kindi. Ibtulamayus Ptolemy: astronomer, mathematician, and geographer of 2nd century C.E. See Batalmiyus and al-Majisti.

al-ab‘ad al-thalathah The three dimensions of a material body: length, width, and depth. These dimensions do not enter into the definition of a thing; they are just some of its accidents and not part of its existence, even though they determine its state. Ablus Apollonius; see Balinus. Abuditqitiqa Analytica Posteriora or the Second Analytics. Aristotle's fourth book on logic; see Analutiqa Thani. Abidhqulis Empedocles (c. 490-c. 435 B.C.): Greek pre-Socratic philosopher; see Anbadqulis.

Abiqurus Epicurus. (342? -270. B.C.): Greek philosopher; the school of Epicureanism (Abiquriyah, q.v.) was named after him.