two seers of cotton and two seers of gold with reference to weight...

two seers of cotton and two seers of gold with reference to weight, or one yard of cloth and one yard of a tape or stick with reference to length; the relation between such things is technically called that of musawah (q.v.).

ittihad fi’ l-kaif Union by quality, said of two or more things of the same quality: color, taste, smell or any other quality; the relation between them is technically called that of mushabahah (q.v.) ittihad fi’ l-nau’ Union by species, said of two or more things or individuals belonging to the same species, e.g. Zaid, Bakr, and ‘Umar subsumed under the species "man"; the relation between them is technically called that of mumathalah (q.v.).

ittihad fi’ l-maudu Union with reference to "subject," said to be of two or more predicates when they pertain to the same subject in a proposition, for example when it is said, "Honey is yellow and sweet and soft." ittihad fi’ l-wad’ Union with reference to the composition of parts of constituents of two or more bodies, for example the skeletal systems of two mammalians or vertebrata; this similarity in the composition of parts of two or more bodies is technically known as muwazanah (q.v.).

ittisal A term used in logic to denote the connection between the antecedent and the consequent in a conditional or hypothetical proposition. Also means continuous. See al-qadiyat al-shartiyah. al-athar al-‘ulwiyah "The things on high": an expression used by Muslim philosophers and scientists for meteorological phenomena such as meteors, thunder, lightning, seasons, rain, snow, hailstorm, dew, etc.

Quite often it is used as the title of works on the study of these phenomena and more particularly for Aristotle’s work Meteorolgica containing four books. ithbat al-Bari Proving the existence of God. Muslim philosophers seem to be fully conversant in their own way with the so-called traditional arguments for the existence of God, viz.

the cosmological argument, the teleological argument, and the ontological argument; it is, however, the first which they have emphasized most and of which they have given many more variant forms than those of the others. Uthulujiya Aristatalis The Theology of Aristotle, a pseudo-Aristotelian work which the Muslim philosophers in all sincerity ascribed to Aristotle. It is really a running paraphrase of the eight sections of the last three books of Plotinus’s Enneads (i.e.

IV3, IV4, IV7, IV8; V1, V2, V8; and VI7).