All men are of one blood...

All men are of one blood, of one family and so each should treat everyone else as "scared beings". In their view of the universe they included a kind of pantheism. The Muslim philosophers welcomed their humanitarianism and cosmopolitanism, and also keenly studied their theory of knowledge and logic. al-ruh al-jariyah The travelling spirit or soul which is supposed to leave the body during sleep and give rise to dreams; opposed to (al-ruh al-muhkam, q.v.).

al-ruh al-hayawaniyah The animal soul, common to the rational and the non-rational animals. It is supposed to be located in the heart from where the animal spirits spread into the arteries and capillaries and thus in all parts of the body; also called (al-ruh al-ghariziyah, q.v.). See also al-nafs al-hayawaniyah. al-ruh al-tabi‘iyah "The natural soul", common to animals and plants. In animals it is supposed to be located in the liver from where it spreads into all the veins of the body.

See also al-nafs al-nabatiyah and al-nafs al-hayawaniyah. al-ruh al-ghariziyah The animal spirits emanating from the heart and spreading in all parts of the body. See also al-ruh al-hayawaniyah and al-nafs al-hayawaniyah. al-ruh al-muhkam The resident soul which unlike the travelling soul (al-ruh al-jariyah, q.v.) is supposed never to leave the body. al-ruh al-nabatiyah The vegetable soul; see al-ruh al-tabi‘iyah and al-nafs al-nabatiyah.

al-ruh al-nafsaniyah The sensual soul; it is supposed to reside in the brain from where, through the nerves, it spreads itself in all parts of the body. ru’us al-fada’il Four cardinal virtues, viz. wisdom (hikmah), courage (shaja‘ah), temperance (‘iffah) and justice (‘adalah); each of them has been further divided by Muslim ethicists into many sub-species of virtues. See also ummahat al-fada’il.

Rituriqa Rhetorica or the Rhetoric: Aristotle’s seventh book on logic, also entitled as al-Khatabah (q.v.) in Arabic; it deals with the art of persuading through oratorical devices. Previous…