For example...

For example, Fadhl ibn al-‘Abbas—‘Ali’s ( ‘a ) cousin and defender during the event in Saqifah—held a military position in the army of Sham and passed away in 18 AH in Palestine.[^3] Hudhayfah and Salman became the governors of Mada’in one after the other.[^4] ‘Ammar ibn Yasir was appointed by the second caliph as the governor of Kufah after the tenure of Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas.[^5] Hashim Mirqal, who was one of the sincere Shi‘ah of the Commander of the Faithful ( ‘a ) and was martyred in the Battle of Siffin on the side of the Imam ( ‘a ),[^6] was one of the outstanding commanders during the periods of the three caliphs and conquered Azerbaijan in 22 AH.[^7] ‘Uthman ibn Hunayf and Hudhayfah ibn Yaman were commissioned by ‘Umar to measure the lands of Iraq.[^8] ‘Abd Allah ibn Badil ibn Waraqa’ al-Khaza‘i, one of the Commander of the Faithful’s ( ‘a ) Shi‘ah whose son was one of the first martyrs in the Battle of Jamal (Camel),[^9] was one of the military commanders and conquered Isfahan and Hamedan.[^10] Similarly, individuals such as Jarir ibn ‘Abd Allah Bajalli[^11] and Qurzah ibn Ka‘b al-Ansari[^12] who were among the Commander of the Faithful’s ( ‘a ) distinguished men during his caliphate, held administrative and military positions during the periods of the three caliphs.

Jarir conquered the territory of Kufah[^13] and became the governor of Hamedan during ‘Uthman’s reign.[^14] Qurzah ibn Ka‘b al-Ansari also conquered Shahr-e Rey during the period of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab.[^15] Manifestation of Shi‘ism during the Caliphate of ‘Ali (‘a) Although the root of Shi‘ism can be traced back to the time of the Prophet (S), its manifestation came after ‘Uthman’s assassination and ‘Ali’s ( ‘a ) caliphate.

During this period the demarcating line became clear as ‘Ali’s ( ‘a ) supporters and followers openly declared and expressed their Shi‘ism. Shaykh al-Mufid narrates, thus: A group of people came to ‘Ali ( ‘a ) and said: “O Commander of the Faithful! We are among your Shi‘ah.” The Imam ( ‘a ) looked carefully at their faces and said: “But why can’t I see the countenances of the Shi‘ah in you?” They asked: “O Commander of the Faithful!