One example regards the garment used when circumambulating the Ka‘bah { tawaf }...

One example regards the garment used when circumambulating the Ka‘bah { tawaf }, which the pilgrims were required to purchased from them.[^9] Therefore, whenever they sensed, during the advent of the Most Noble Messenger (S), that teachings of Islam are not compatible with their sense of exclusivity and superiority, they refrained from accepting the teachings vehemently opposing these precepts with all their might and utilizing all their power to annihilate Islam.

But the will of God was something else, and in the end, He made His prophet (S) prevail over them. From the 8th year after hijrah , a number of the Quraysh nobles went to Medina and joined the ranks of Muslims, but they did not desist from their hostility.

For instance, Hakam ibn Abi’l-‘As used to ridicule the Prophet (S) and on account of which the Messenger of Allah (S) exiled him to Ta’if.[^10] As the Quraysh were not able to confront the Prophet (S), they conceived a new plot and that was to confront his successor.

Time and again, ‘Umar said to ‘Abbas: “The Arabs did not want prophethood { nubuwwah } and caliphate { khilafah } to be confined to the Banu Hashim.”[^11] The Quraysh also said: If anyone from the Banu Hashim took the reign of caliphate, caliphate will never slip out of this family and it will never be relinquished to us. But if a non-member of the Banu Hashim assumed it, it will move around us and be assigned to all of us.

^12 The people at that time were also aware of this mentality of the Quraysh. As narrated by Bara’ ibn ‘Azib, “I was sympathetic toward the Banu Hashim. When the Holy Prophet (S) passed away, I was afraid that the Quraysh was thinking of taking the caliphate out of the Banu Hashim and I was at a loss to understand.”[^13] The Quraysh’s approval of the caliphate of Abubakr and ‘Umar was motivated by their own benefits.

For, at the time of his death, Abubakr said a number of Quraysh who have come to his support: “I know that each of you imagines that the caliphate shall belong to him, but I chose the best among you.”[^14] Ibn Abi’l-Hadid says: “Quraysh was displeased by the prolongation of the caliphate of ‘Umar, and ‘Umar was aware of this issue and he was not permitting them to go out of Medina.”[^15] 2.