Mathhra Road U.

Mathhra Road U.P, pp 1-2 .year……… [^16] According to the Roman jurist Ulpian natural law was that which nature and the state assure to all human beings. This meant that foreigners are requested to be dealt in the same way as one deals with one’s compatriots. It also implied conducting of wars in a civilized fashion. The Republic ( C. 400BC) proposed the idea of Universal truths that all must be recognized people were to work for the common good.

Aristotle (384-322 B.C) wrote in Politics that Justice, virtues and rights change in accordance with different kinds of constitutions and circumstances. Cicero (106-43 BC), a Roman statesman laid down the foundations of natural law and human rights in his work. The laws (52 B.C), Cicero believed that there should be Universal Human rights laws that would transient customary and civil laws. Sophocles (495-406 BC) was one of the first to promote the idea of freedom of expression against the state.

Stoces employed the ethical concept of natural law to refer to a higher order of law that corresponds to nature and which was to serve as a standard for the laws of civil society and government. Later, Christianity, especially, St. Thomas Aquininas (1225-1274) rooted this ‘natural law’ in a divine law which was revealed to man in part discoverable by man through his God-given right reason.

The city state of Greece gave equal freedom of speech, equality before law, right to vote, right to be elected to public officer, right to trade and the right to access to justice to their citizen similar rights were secured to the Roman’s by the Jus Civilie of the Roman law.

Thus the origins of the concept of Human rights are usually agreed to be found in the Greco-Roman natural law doctrines of Stoicisin ( the school of philosophy founded by Zeno- and Citium) which held that a Universal force pervades all creation and that human conduct should therefore be judged according to the law of nature. S.J. Henle, A Catholic view of Human Rights, A Thomistic reflection in Alan S. Rosenbaum, ‘The Philosophy of Human Rights’, International perspectives’ (1980). See also H.O.

Agarwal ‘ Human Rights’, Universal book traders Delhi 2002, p 7-8 [^17] Vijay Kumar, Human Rights Dimensions and Issues, Vol I, Anmol Publications .Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi ,p 42 . year…………………………..