ভূমিকা

Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books Monotheistic Conception of the Universe Chapter 4 : Man and Unification The unification of the existential reality of man in a psychological system in consonance with his human and evolutionary tendencies and similarly the unification of human society in a harmonious and evolutionary social system are the questions which have always engaged the attention of mankind.

As opposed to unification is the polarization of individual personality and its split into discordant segments, and the division of society into conflicting groups and classes. The question is: what is to be done to ensure the harmonious development of human personality both from psychological and social points of view? In this respect there are three theories: Materialistic theory; Idealistic theory; Realistic theory. I.

Materialistic Theory The upholders of this theory think of matter only and give no importance to soul. They claim that what splits an individual psychologically and a society socially and cause discord and incongruity is the existence of the system of private property. Man by nature is a social being. In the beginning of history he led a collective life, and was not conscious of his individual existence. At that time he had a collective spirit and a collective feeling.

His life depended on hunting and everybody could obtain his means of living from the river and the forest according to his requirements. There was no question of surplus production till man discovered the art of cultivation. With it the possibility of surplus production and the possibility of some peoples' doing work and some others simply eating without doing any work appeared. That was the development which led to the practice of ownership.

The private ownership of the sources of production like water and land and the production tools like plough, did away with the collective spirit and split the society which was so far living as one unit, into 'haves' and 'have not's. The society which lived as 'We' took the shape of 'I'. As a result of the appearance of ownership man became unconscious of his own reality as a social being. Previously he felt that he was just a man like others. Now he regarded himself as an owner instead of a man.

Thus he became unconscious of himself and began to deteriorate. Only by abolishing the system of private ownership man can once more regain his moral and social unity and his mental and social health.