Question: Is it permissible to rely on the European observatories [i.

Question: Is it permissible to rely on the European observatories [i.e., non-Muslim experts] for determining the timings of true dawn, sunrise, noon, and sunset for the whole year, including the month of Ramadhan, knowing well that it is scientific and very precise to the minutes and seconds? Answer: If one is sure of the correctness of their timings, it is permissible to act upon it.

However, one should know that there are some differences in determining the true dawn especially in some of the cities in [northern] Europe [and Canada]; therefore, it is necessary to ascertain that it is based on the proper view. Question: In some cities, the sun does not rise at all for days or does not set at all for days or even more. How should we pray and fast? Answer: As for salat ,…