1, of the first edition of al-Kulayni’s AI-Kofi, as al-Majlisi tells us on p.

1, of the first edition of al-Kulayni’s AI-Kofi, as al-Majlisi tells us on p. 354, Vol. 94, of his own Bihar Al-Anwar, citing his own father quoting his mentor Shaykh the renowned faqhi Ali ibn Muhammad al-Madayni quoting Sa’eed ibn Hibatullah al-Rawandi quoting Ali ibn AbdelSamad al-Naisapuri quoting al-Dooryasti quoting Shaykh al-Mufid saying that on the first day of the month of Ramadhan, one ought to supplicate thus: Lord!

The month of Ramadhan has arrived, and You have required us to fast during it and revealed the Qur’an as guidance to people and a clear distinction of the guidance and the right criteria. O Lord! Help us observe its fast; accept the same from us; receive our fast from and safeguard the same for us in an ease from You and good health; surely You can do everything.

Chapter 6 : What Breaks the Fast Any of the following invalidates the fast: eating or drinking, sexual intercourse, telling lies about Allah and/or His Messenger (pbuh), immersing the entire head in water, deliberate inhalation of smoke, discharge) till dawn, masturbating, taking injections whereby nourishing liquids reach the stomach, deliberate vomiting, intentionally passing an object through the throat or any other natural opening...

Travelling, that is, going from your place of residence to a place situated at least eight farasildi (about twenty-seven and a half miles, or fifty miles according to some scholars) requires you to break your fast and to make up for it later on in equal number of days missed. Deliberately breaking the fast requires a kaffara (atonement) which is either the feeding of sixty poor persons, or fasting for sixty consecutive days for each day missed.

If the fast is broken accidentally, qaza (making up) suffices. Every adult and mentally sound male or female Muslim is required to fast starting twenty minutes before dawn and till sunset. Al-Majlisi, on p. 352, Vol.

94, of his Bihar ofAnwan, cites a number of Shi’a scholars saying that they heard Imam Abu Ja’fer al-Baqir (as) saying, "Telling lies breaks the fast, and so does a second look at another woman, in addition to oppression, be it little or much." One who misses fasting a number of days during the month of Ramadhan due to travelling, forgetfulness, ignorance of the fact that those days were the days of the month of Ramadhan, sickness, menstruation or childbirth, are required to make up in equal number of days missed.