Gerber (938-1002)...

Gerber (938-1002), who later became pope, after three years studying Islam in Spain translated some Arabic books and also wrote some books such as Geometria and Liber de Astrolbia in which he elaborated some aspects of Islamic sciences. Constantine the African (1015-1087) traveled to some Islamic lands and studied some Islamic sciences such as medicine and became familiar with some Greek works in Arabic such as those of Galen and Hippocrates.

When later he became the assistant of Giscard he took the advantage of his position in spreading Islamic sciences. Adelhard of England also traveled to some Islamic lands and became an influential figure in introducing Europe to some Islamic sciences. Gundisalvi (1151) translated some works of Aristotle including his Metaphysics from Arabic. He, along with some others, translated some parts of ash –Shifa of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Maghasid al-falasifa of Ghazali (Algazel) and De Scientias of Farabi.

He is also the author of some books such as The Division of Philosophy and The Immortality of Soul. Jean of the Spain also translated some works of Ibn Sina and Ghazali. Gherado de Ceremona (1114-1187) from Italy after learning Arabic and some Islamic sciences translated many books such as Megale Syntaxes of Ptolemy (Almagest) and works of Ibn Hazm. Avenduth (Ibn Davoud), Alfred Anglicus, Daniel de Morley, Michel Scot, Adam de Bocfeld, Herman of the German are some other names in this list.

Philosophy Since seventh century Muslims started translating Greek Philosophy and sciences from Greek and Syriac into Arabic. The movement for translation was accelerated since the middle of the eighth century in Baghdad. The first works that were translated were on medicine and then other sciences and philosophy. Later some neo-Platonic works were translated. In addition to this, some works from other languages such as Persian were also translated into Arabic.

Muslims welcomed Greek philosophy because they thought that it was in harmony with Islamic teachings that encourage thinking and reflection on the world and its phenomena. Therefore, first they translated Greek philosophy, then interpreted and completed it, and finally they created their own philosophical system on the basis of Greek philosophy, Islamic teachings and what they have learned from other cultures especially Persian. The first famous Muslim philosopher was Yaqub al-Kindi (801-873).

More than 265 works are attributed to him in different sciences.