Apart from this, the Prophet (s.

Apart from this, the Prophet (s.a.w.) prescribed three signs in three conditions for the indentification of lawful birds: if the birds are in the air, the pause in the movement of their wings, i.e. their gliding, should be less than their flapping; if they are on the ground, the spurs on their claws should be visible; when the bird is slaughtered, it must be found to have a crop and/or a gizzard. Bats and peacocks are forbidden.

The kind of crow which eats herbage is lawful, but the kind which eats carrion is forbidden. Besides animals, there are other things which are for bidden to eat or drink. They can be classed under four headings: everything which is impure (najis) is unlawful (haram); every kind of food (eatable or drinkable) which has been taken illegally is haram. 3)every kind of food (eatable or drinkable) which has deleterious effects is haram.

4)every kind of food (eatable or drinkable) which seems repulsive is haram. Of liquids, one of the most impure is urine, but even more than that is wine (any kind of alcoholic beverage), and in Imamiyah fiqh, the unlawfulness and impurity of wine is more strongly emphasized than in any other school. The traditions that have come down to us from our Imams on this subject are enough to frighten one off them forever.

Distillers and fermenters of alcoholic drinks, stockists, merchants and drinkers, all are cursed, and wine has been called in fiqh "ummu 'l-khaba'ith" (the mother of all evils). Some traditions say it is forbidden to sit at a table on which alcoholic drinks have been laid, probably so as to encourage people to abstain therefrom so that their bad effects may be limited. Today, expert scientists have confirmed by chemical tests that wine is a very destructive and harmful thing.

Islam warned against alcohol thirteen hundred years ago. Today, even those who do not abstain for religious reasons do so for reasons of health. The shari'ah of Muhammad (s.a.w.) cannot be over praised, those who neglect it do so to their own disadvantage and peril. 14. Penology (hudud) Under an Islamic government, certain punishments are prescribed for certain crimes, so that the society may be kept healthy and the roots of corruption destroyed.

Some of these penalties (hudud) are as follows according to Shi'ah fiqh.