Lethargy is the deficient state for which the point of moderation is chastity...

Lethargy is the deficient state for which the point of moderation is chastity; that is, failure to use things which the body needs. 6. Rapaciousness is the other extreme in opposition to lethargy; that is, excess in sexual activity, eating and drinking, and other sensual pleasures. 7. Submissiveness is the deficient state for which the point of moderation is justice; that is, accepting oppression and tyranny. 8.

Tyranny is the other extreme in opposition to submissiveness; that is, oppressing either one's own self or others. Every one of these eight vices possesses numerous branches and subdivisions, which are connected with the direction and degree of deviation from moderation represented by the four virtues. Since deviation can occur in a limitless number of degrees, it is not possible to enumerate all of them.

We shall, however, mention some of the most well-known ones here, and later discuss the ways in which they can be fought against. Vices are divided according to the powers they are related to, namely, Intellect, Anger and Passion. The Power of the Intellect (al-quwwah al-`aqliyyah) can possess two kinds of vices, which are stupidity and slyness, the further subdivisions of which are as follows: Simple ignorance: not knowing.

Compound ignorance: being ignorant, and being unaware of one's ignorance. Perplexity and doubt: the opposite of which are certainty and conviction. Carnal temptations: in opposition to which is contemplation of the beauty of Divine creation. Deceit and trickery to attain ends dictated by Passion and Anger. Shirk (polytheism): the opposite of which is belief in the Unity and Oneness of God.

The Power of Anger (al-quwwah al-ghadabiyyah) has two vices: cowardice and foolhardiness, the subdivisions of which are: Fear: a psychological condition which is caused by expecting occurrence of a painful event, or loss of a favourable condition. Lack of endurance and self-depreciation: This is one of the consequences of weakness of the spirit and indicates an incapacity to face hardships.

The opposite of this characteristic is steadfastness, which means the capacity to endure hardship and adversity. Timidity: this is brought about by a lack of self-confidence and a weak character, and indicates inability to struggle for the sake of attaining noble and worthy goals. The opposite of this vice is the virtue of fortitude; that is, courage and willingness to undertake great efforts to attain true felicity and perfection.