There is no doubt that belief in the individuals as the...

There is no doubt that belief in the individuals as the creators of [their own] actions is worse than the belief in the idols and stars as intercessors before God.”[^12] It is for this reason that in some traditions ( aḥādīth ), Qadariyyah (those who negate the Divine power in voluntary actions or those who subscribe to tafwīḍ ) are described as the Magians ( majūs ) of the Muslim community ( ummah ).

In Thawāb al-A‘māl , for instance, Shaykh al-Ṣadūq recorded Imām ‘Alī ( ‘a ) to have said: لِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ مَجوسٌ، وَمُجوسُ هذِهِ الأُمَّةِ الَّذينَ يَقولونَ لا قَدرَ. “There is a Magian for every community and the Magians of this community are those who deny the Divine decree ( qadr ).”[^13] Another problem with this theory is that it goes against the universality of the absolute power and sovereignty of God.

In the traditions ( aḥādīth ) narrated from the pure Imāms ( ‘a ) about the refutation of the theory of tafwīḍ , this flaw has always been mentioned. For instance, it is thus stated…