“Every powerful [and] knowledgeable [being] is necessarily living.

“Every powerful [and] knowledgeable [being] is necessarily living.”[^11] That is, every powerful and knowledgeable creature is definitely alive, and since God is Powerful and Knowledgeable, it follows that He has the Attribute of Life. Pre-existence and Eternity All religious and theist personalities recognize God as Pre-existent ( azalī ), Eternal ( abadī ), Everlasting ( qadīm ), Abiding ( bāqī ), and Immortal ( sarmadī ).

There are two viewpoints on the interpretation of these attributes: The first viewpoint which is popular and acceptable within the circle of philosophers is that these attributes have been interpreted in relation to time. On this basis, pre-existence ( azaliyyah )…