Since the conceptual system of the universe is the best...

Since the conceptual system of the universe is the best system and its objective system is also the manifestion and expression of the same conceptual system, its objective system must also be the best system, and this is the justice and wisdom in the Divine Action.[^4] ** ** ** ** وَالْكُلُّ مِنْ نِظامِهِ الْكِياني يَنْشَأُ مِنْ نِظامِهِ الرَّبّاني [^5] Although this proof has been presented by philosophers in a bid to prove justice and wisdom in the cosmic actions of God, its criterion or foundation also includes legislative and retributory justice.

This is because legislation and retribution are also an Action of God and will be materialized on the basis of God’s essential and eternal knowledge. The proof of special attention, therefore, encompasses all kinds and manifestations of the Divine justice and wisdom. The Omniscience and Self-sufficiency of God The most popular proof for the Divine justice and wisdom presented by the theologians is based upon the absolute knowledge and self-sufficiency of God.

In this regard, Qāḍī ‘Abd al-Jabbār al-Mu‘tazilī has said: إِنَّهُ تَعالىٰ عالِمٌ بِقُبْحِ القَبيحِ، وَمُسْتَغْنٍ عَنْهُ، وَعالِمٌ بِاسْتِغْنائِهِ عَنْهُ، وَمَنْ كانَ هٰذِهِ حالُهُ لايَخْتارُ القَبيحَ بِوَجْهٍ مِنَ الوُجوهِ. That is to say, “God, the Exalted, knows the evil of the evil [act] and He has no need of doing it, and He is also aware of His needleessness to it.

And anyone who has such a trait will never commit an evil act.”[^6] The following words of Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī are also an expression of this proof: وَاسْتِغْناؤُهُ وَعِلْمُهُ يَدُلّانِ عَلىٰ اِنْتِفاءِ القُبْحِ عَنْ أَفْعالِهِ تَعالىٰ.

“And His self-sufficiency and knowledge show the absence of evil in the actions of the Exalted One.”[^7] The initial point of this proof, which is God’s knowledge and self-sufficiency, has been established in our previous discussions and its second initial point is also one of the rationally self-evident facts, as testified by experiences concerning human activities.

Criminological studies show that unwarranted acts usually originate from emotional, economic, social, and similar needs, just as in other cases also, unawareness of the evil and unwarranted acts is the cause of commiting such acts.

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