This type of compositeness is derived from existential limitation...

This type of compositeness is derived from existential limitation, and since the existence of God is infinite and limitless, such compositeness with respect to God is impossible [to happen]. Compositeness by physical and elemental parts, such as the natural creatures which are composed of different elements, and the elements which are composed of atoms.

This type of compositeness is one of the properties ( lawāzim ) of a physical being and since God is not physical,[^3] such compositeness with respect to God is impossible. Compositeness by matter ( māddah ) and form ( ṣūrah ), such as the body being composed of matter[^4] and form. This compositeness is also impossible with respect to God, because compositeness is one of the characteristics of a physical being, and God is not a body [or corporeal being].

Since compositeness is impossible with respect to the Necessary Being by essence, the existence of two necessary beings is also impossible because their existence necessitates that each of them is composed of their commonalities ( mā bihi ’l-istirāk ) and their particularities ( mā bihi ’l-imtiyāz ) and the existence of two beings with the same essence is only possible when although they are common in essence, each of them must have its/his own peculiarity.

As a result, each of them is composed of two things, viz. their commonalities and their particularities. And compositeness ( tarkīb ), as stated above, is concomitant with limitation and neediness which are contradictory to the absolute independence of the Necessary Being by essence. The two stated meanings have been mentioned in a tradition ( ḥadīth ) from Imām ‘Alī ( ‘a ). Someone asked the Imām ( ‘a ) concerning the Oneness of God.

The Imām ( ‘a ) replied, “Oneness has four meanings; two of them can be applied to God while the other two cannot be applied to Him. The two inapplicable meanings are as follows: Numerical oneness because in numerical oneness, any notion of two, three, etc. is impossible; and Oneness of genus, such as the human beings that belong to the same species; such oneness does not also hinder multiplicity and plurality.

And the two applicable meanings [of oneness] are as follows: God’s uniqueness in Essence and Attributes, and The indivisibility and inseparability of the Essence of God.[^5] Trinity or Polytheism in the Essence of God One of the well-known doctrines in Christianity is the doctrine of the Trinity.