In addition to this...

In addition to this, one might question as to how it is possible for an intelligent individual, after witnessing the astonishing order and harmonisation of the universe and the benefits that emanate forth from it, could fail to realise that the universe is purposeful. d. Investigating the fourth principle This principle of the materialist worldview recognises causation as being limited to the material realm and material phenomenon.

This view has been severely criticised, the most important points are as follows: According to this rule a new (immaterial) existent could never come into existence. However we witness the commencement of subsequent existents, especially in the realm of the human being and animals. The most significant of them are life, intelligence, intellectuality, emotions and will etc. The materialists assert that these phenomena are also nothing more than the special characteristics and properties of matter.

In order to answer their claim one must say that, firstly the peculiaritythat cannot be separated from the matter and from those things belonging to matter is it that it accepts division and it has a magnitude. These peculiarities are not present in the phenomena mentioned. Secondly, the phenomena, which are said to be the special properties of matter, also exist in lifeless matter. In other words matter was lacking these special characteristics and subsequently they appeared.

Therefore the appearance of these existents, which are known as special properties, require an originator who has initiated this into the matter. This originator itself is the cause that bestows existence or is the creating cause. 3.Another serious criticism for their claim is based on their principle, that all phenomena in the universe must be pre-determined (jabr), because by effecting and becoming effected in matter there is no place for choice and free-will (ikhtiyār).

Opposing free-will in addition to it being against self-evidence (badāhah) and commonsense, necessitates it denying any type of responsibility and value for spirituality and ethics. By denying responsibility and any ethical value system, the results for human life are surely clear. 4.Finally with the understanding, that matter cannot be the necessary existence, as already established, one must consider that it (matter) has a cause, which cannot be classified as a preparatory or natural cause.