Article 29 states that “The exercise of rights and freedoms...

Article 29 states that “The exercise of rights and freedoms is subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respects for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.” Although the Declaration mentions many fundamental rights and freedoms, main rights such as the right to independence and development are not included therein.

Besides, it is recognized as the accepted bill of concepts and principles shared by all in the hope that it shall one day turn into a universal culture. At all events, the Universal Declaration found a special place, became the basis for many international bills, and brought forth many hopes. Rene Cassin, one of the formulators of the Bill, states, “The bill is the most important document ever acquired by man. It has opened a new chapter in the history of man.

The bill is the freedom of all the victims of tyranny. It defines the limits that every powerful State should take into account in relation to its subjects.

Most importantly, the Declaration states that human rights should be protected and guaranteed by a legal regime.”[^3] International Covenants on Human Rights With the approval of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations pleaded with the Commission on Human Rights to include a draft of the covenant on human rights in their instructions.

After a long controversy, two covenants were concluded; the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, both of which were approved by the General Assembly on 16 December 1966.[^4] In fact the content of part one of the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights was included in part two of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, Cultural Rights with some revisions or additions such as the right to self-independence, the right to ruling system and the right to utilizing the natural resources.

The Covenant on Political and Civil Rights consists of a preamble, 53 articles, 27 of which primarily deal with rights, freedoms, and others with organizational issues.