* thānvīyah-i-ḫāsā* ...

* thānvīyah-i-ḫāsā* : تهنویه خاصهTwo-year level of religious studies that follows thānvīyah-i-ammah . taqlīd : تقلید Imitation (of past jurisprudential precedent). ‘ ulemā’ علماء See ‘alīm * ul-ulūm-al-aqlia* : علوم العقليه Rational sciences, such as philosophy, geometry, medicine, chemistry and geography. Often contrasted to ul-ulūm-al-naqlia علوم النقليه (religiously “transmitted” sciences).

* ul-ulūm-al-naqlia:علوم النقليه “Transmitted sciences” such as reading and interpreting the Holy Qur’ān and ḥadītحدیث (traditions and sayings of the ). Sometimes called traditional or religious sciences. Often understood in contrast to ulūm-al-aqlia.* umma:اُمّه The global Muslim community, the community of the Islamic faith. vustani: وسطنی First level of formal religious education that follows ibtedai . Three years long, the equivalent of middle school. ( See Mutawassitah .

) wafaq : وفاق School of thought ( Maslak ). Usually translated as “board” as in school board. There are five such boards**(four Sunni and one Shia)** . And most of Pakistani*madaris * are affiliated with one of them. zakat : زکوة Almsgiving. Muslims donate a percentage of their annual earnings as alms or charity. The mount differs according to Sunni and Shia traditions. Previous…