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Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books Islamic Concepts How To Obtain Benefit From Inductive Evidence The well-known, great Islamic thinker, Martyr Mohammad Baqir-al-Sadr had defined induction in his book "The Logical Principles of Induction", thus: "It is a deducing of the general law by pursuing a great deal of the partial states, further." Martyr Al-Sadr has mentioned some applications of the induction method in the field of legal verdicts, quoting, in this regard, Al-Shaikh Yousef al-Bahrani - one of the late jurists (Allah may bless him) - who discovered a general juristic rule through justifiying many partial states that declared, "The person who is unaware of the legal verdict is in no way to be blamed by Allah (glory be to Him)"; i.e., "In all cases, the one who is unaware of the legal verdicts is in no way to blame for having carried out an action".

Moreover, Al-Shaikh al-Bahrani has found some partial verdicts about pilgrimage (Hajj), fasting, marriage, wine-drinking and curtailing the obligatory prayer. The following exemptions have been provided by legitimate evidence: First: Due to the legitimate evidence that deals with the Hajj (pilgrimage) verdicts; the unaware one will be excused for having on a unallowable dress during his presence in Mecca (when one is in a state of ritual consecration).

Second: Due to the legitimate evidence that regards the verdicts on fasting, the person who is unaware of the verdict, that fasting while traveling is unallowable, will be excused and is in no way to blame if he has fasted while traveling.

Third: Due to the legitimate evidence that deals with marriage verdicts: if a man is unaware that marrying a woman during her `iddat' (a waiting period during which a widow or a divorcee may not remarry) is forbidden; he will be excused and there is no marriage taboo that he remarry her soon after her waiting period is over.

Fourth: Due to the legitimate evidence that deals with prohibition of wine-drinking, the unaware person will be excused for having drank it, if he was unaware that drinking wine is forbidden. Fifth: Due to the legitimate evidence that deals with verdicts regarding prayer; the unaware person will be excused for having performed the four raka'at compulsory prayer in place of praying the usual two raka'at prayer, that is to be performed in place of the four raka'at prayer, when traveling.

So, his prayer will be accepted and it is not necessary for him to compensate for that prayer at another time.