After him...

After him, Marx adopted this dialectic and cast his materialistic philosophy in a purely dialectical form. According to the claims of the dialecticians, the new dialectic is a law of thought and reality alike. That is why it is a method of thought as well as a principle on which the existence and development of reality is based. We are told the following by Lenin: If there are some contradictions among people's ideas, it is because the reality that our minds reflect involves contradictions.

The dialectic of things produces the dialectic of ideas, and not vice versa.[^1] (p. 223) Marx also says: The movement of thought is nothing but a reflection of the movement of reality, transmitted to, and transformed in the human mind. ^2 Hegelian logic, with the dialectic and contradiction on which it rests, is considered at the exact opposite end of the classical logic or the general human logic.

This is because general logic accepts the principle of noncontradiction, and considers it a primary principle on the basis of which every knowledge must be based, and a necessary principle by which everything in the realm of existence abides, and without which no truth can be proved. Hegelian logic, on the ocher hand, completely rejects the principle of noncontradiction. Further, it is not satisfied with emphasizing the possibility of contradiction.

Rather, it views contradiction, instead of its opposite, as the primary principle for all true knowledge of the world, and the general law that explains the whole universe by means of a group of contradictions. Every proposition concerning the world is considered as an affirmation; while at the same time, it forms its own negation. Affirmation and negation are synthesized in a new affirmation.

Thus, the contradictory method of dialectics or disputation that governs the world involves three stages, called the thesis, the antithesis, and the synthesis - that is, the affirmation, the negation and the negation of the negation. In accordance with the requirements of this method of disputation, everything unites with its contradictory. It is at the same time affirmed and denied, existent and nonexistent.

Hegelian logic claims that, by the disputation it attributes to existence, it has abolished the main points of classical logic. According to Hegelian logic, these points are the following. (p.