Kiernan...

Kiernan, The Lords of Human Kind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1969), p. 55. [^13]: Edgar Quinet, Le Génie des religions, in Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Paguerre, 1857), pp. 55-74. [^14]: Cromer, Political and Literary Essays, p. 35. [^15]: See Jonah Raskin, The Mythology of Imperialism (New York: Random House, 1971), p. 40. [^16]: Henry A. Kissinger, American Foreign Policy (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1974), pp. 48-9. [^17]: Harold W.

Glidden, "The Arab World," American Journal of Psychiatry 128, no. 8 (February 1972): 984-8. [^18]: R. W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 72. See also Francis Dvornik, The Ecumenical Councils (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1961), pp. 65-6: "Of special interest is the eleventh canon directing that chairs for teaching Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and Chaldean should be created at the main universities.

The suggestion was Raymond Lull's, who advocated learning Arabic as the best means for the conversion of the Arabs. Although the canon remained almost without effect as there were few teachers of Oriental languages, its acceptance indicates the growth of the missionary idea in the West. Gregory X had already hoped for the conversion of the Mongols, and Franciscan friars had penetrated into the depths of Asia in their missionary zeal.

Although these hopes were not fulfilled, the missionary spirit continued to develop." See also Johann W. Fűck, Die Arabischen Studien in Europa bis in den Anfang des 20.Jahrhunderts (Leipzig: Otto Harrasso witz, 1955). [^19]: Raymond Schwab, La Renaissance orientale (Paris: Payot, 1950). See also V: V. Barthold, La Découverte de l'Asie: Histoire de l'orientalisme en Europe et en Russie, trans. B.

Nikitine (Paris: Payot, 1947), and the relevant pages in Theodor Benfey, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft and Orientalischen Philologie in Deutschland (Munich: Gottafschen, 1869). For an instructive contrast see James T. Monroe, Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970). [^20]: Victor Hugo, Oeuvres poétiques, ed. Pierre Albouy (Paris: Gallimard, 1964), 1: 580.

[^21]: Jules Mohl, Vingt-sept Ans d'histoire des études orientales: Rapports laits à la Société asiatique de Paris de 1840 à 1867, 2 vols. (Paris: Reinwald, 1879-80). [^22]: Gustave Dugat, Histoire des orientalistes de l’Europe du X11 au XIX siècle, 2 vols. (Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1868-70).