Chapter 1...

Chapter 1: The Scope of Orientalism [^1]: This and the preceding quotations from Arthur James Balfour's speech to the House of Commons are from Great Britain, Parliamentary Debates (Commons), 5th ser., 17 (1910): 1140-46. See also A. P. Thornton, The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power (London: Mao Millan & Co., 1959), pp. 357-60.

Balfour's speech was a defense of Eldon Gorst's policy in Egypt; for a discussion of that see Peter John Dreyfus Mellini, "Sir Eldon Gorst and British Imperial Policy in Egypt," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1971. [^2]: Denis Judd, Balfour and the British Empire: A Study in Imperial Evolution, 1874-1932 (London: MacMillan & Co., 1968), p. 286. See also p.

292: as late as 1926 Balfour spoke-without irony-of Egypt as an "independent nation." [^3]: Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Political and Literary Essays, 1908-1913 (1913; reprint ed., Freeport, N. Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969), pp. 40, 53, 12-14. [^4]: Ibid., p. 171. S. Roger Owen, "The Influence of Lord Cromer's Indian Experience on British Policy in Egypt 1883-1907," in Middle Eastern Affairs, Number Four: St. Antony's Papers Number 17, ed.

Albert Hourani (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), pp. 109-[^39]: [^6]: Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt (New York: Macmillan Co., 1908), 2: 146-67. For a British view of British policy in Egypt that runs totally counter to Cromer's, see Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt: Being a Personal Narrative of Events (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1922). There is a valuable discussion of Egyptian opposition to British rule in Mounah A.

Khouri, Poetry and the Making of Modern Egypt, 1882-1922 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971). [^7]: Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2: 164. [^8]: Cited in John Marlowe, Cromer in Egypt (London: Elek Books, 1970), p. 271. [^9]: Harry Magdoff, "Colonialism (1763-c. 1970)," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. (1974), pp. 893-4. See also D. K. Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century (New York: Delacorte Press, 1967), p. 178.

[^10]: Quoted in Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid, Egypt and Cromer. A Study in AngloEgyptian Relations (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), p. 3. [^11]: The phrase is to be found in Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas About Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 17. [^12]: V. G.