ভূমিকা

Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books History of The Caliphs Mu‘awiya’s Monarchy Mu‘awiya, the Founder of the Umayyad Monarchy Upon seizure of Iraq, center of government since 36, all Islamic territories came under the yoke of Mu'awiya, who took power thirty years after the Prophet's demise. Before becoming a caliph, he governed Damascus and the Greater Syria for roughly twenty years.

The Umayyads martially leading the Quraysh in Dark Age, stood against Islam as far as possible and they embraced Islam only when they had no way but this. Not only through their behavior but also by knowing about Abu Sufyan and Mu'awiya, in particular, Imam 'Ali's statement shall be acknowledged as to the fact that they embraced Islam only because of interests.[^1] Zubayr also thought of Abu Sufyan in the same way.[^2] Yazid Ibn Abu Sufyan commanded the troops when conquering.

Greater Syria and Abu Bakr granted Mu'awiya sainthood besides his brother.[^3] After Yazid died, Mu'awiya was designated as the ruler of Damascus in 'Umar's tenure.

As mentioned before, 'Umar's rigorlessness to Mu'awiya had astonished a number of people.[^4] According to Ibn 'Asakir, 'Umar entrusted Damascus thoroughly to Mu'awiya[^5] and by the same token, Mu'awiya affirmed that by Almighty Allah he could accomplish to dominate over people merely through his high esteem by 'Umar.[^6] Once encountering Mu'awiya going and accompanied majestically by his retinue, 'Umar asked about the ground.

Mu'awiya responded that the more the enemy spies multiply, the more our grandeur has to heighten; yet, I will abide by what you command. “By no means do I enjoin him nor prohibit him”, said 'Umar.[^7] Mu'awiya himself deemed his firm standing as consequence of 'Umar's way of behaving towards him.[^8] Reacting against objections to Mu'awiya, 'Uthman said that how he was ever able to depose him designated by 'Umar.

Nevertheless, Imam 'Ali's response to him in this respect was, “Although Mu'awiya held 'Umar in reverence, he now does perform whatever without taking counsel with you”.[^9] What 'Umar frequently stated was, “You are naming Kasra (title of Sassanian kings) and Caesar whereas Mu'awiya is amongst you.”[^10] Succeeding 'Uthman's assassination, in his remarks addressing people, Mu'awiya announced that he has been the caliph of 'Umar as well as 'Uthman amongst them.[^11] In 'Uthman's tenure Damascus was regarded as his security zone.