This political separation was an important factor for...

This political separation was an important factor for scientific and non­scientific competition among different courts in various countries and each and every one of them tried to establish centres like the one in Baghdad. As a result of this competition, many centres were established in cities such as Sarnarghand, Marv, Harat, Tous, Nayshabur, Rey, Isfahan, Shiraz, Damascus, Quds (Jerusalem), Cairo, Ghirvan, Fez, Eshpilieh, Gharnateh, and elsewhere.

Hajj As a Scientific Congress For Islamic Schools The religious duty of Hajj was an opportunity for great Muslim scientists from different schools to gather in Mecca and meet each other. In this way, they became enthusiastic about visiting each other's schools and educational centres in order to discuss and exchange their ideas and inform each other of their discoveries.

Very often, after performing their pilgrimage, Muslim scientists stayed in cities like Andalusia or Maghrib[^1] in Egypt, held discussions with their colleagues and took notes from the scriptures and books available. Through this common scientific language, knowledge spread in all four corners of the Islamic world with tremendous speed. Due to these relations between educational centres, they progressed towards a brighter civilization.

Miracles of Muslims As a result of this cultural and educational relation a new scientific civilization was created for the whole world and it all came into existence in less than two centuries and spread all over the world.

Researchers and historians viewed this phenomenon with surprise and they called it the "Muslim Miracle." In other words, they confessed to the creative power of this movement and admitted it was greater than the movements which had taken place before the thirteenth Christian century.

In a short time, the Muslims achieved amazing success in different subjects which we shall briefly mention: Islamic scientists studied algebra and trigonometry on the basis that the Indians and the Greeks established and they revealed them and expanded them. In addition, they also conducted some studies in astronomy. They have criticized Ptolemy's delegation, which paved the way for scientific movements in the sixteenth century.

Muslims contributed new medical observances, founded new methods of chemistry, introduced new information regarding measurements, weights and atmospherical effects in physics.