Blessed is Allah, the Lord of all the worlds.

Blessed is Allah, the Lord of all the worlds.” [^4] ﴿ رَبُّنَا الَّذِي أَعْطَى كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَهُ ثُمَّ هَدَى ﴾ “Our Lord is He who gave everything its creation and then guided it.” [^5] ﴿ سَبِّحِ اسْمَ رَبِّكَ الأعْلَى ٭ الَّذِي خَلَقَ فَسَوَّى ٭ وَالَّذِي قَدَّرَ فَهَدَى ﴾ “Celebrate the Name of your Lord, the Most Exalted, who created and proportioned, who determined and guided.” [^6] Harmony and concordance in the creation and management Harmony and concordance in the natural phenomena is something indisputable from the perspective of casual observations and scientific studies.

On the other hand, the involvement of two independent entities in the creation and management of the universe necessitates chaos and disorder in the order of nature. In view of these two premises, it can be proved that the manager and controller of the universe is One.

“The cohesion of the management and the harmony of creation [is the proof of the Oneness of God].”[^8] The Imām ( ‘a ) then recited the holy verse quoted above. Human Being’s Deviation Relative to the Divine Unity in Lordship It can be inferred from a study of the history of religions that many deviations have been made relative to the Divine Unity ( tawḥīd ) in Lordship ( rubūbiyyah ) – be it cosmic or legislative Lordship.

The Holy Qur’an which is the most reliable source in this regard has mentioned examples of polytheism in Lordship. Among them are the verses which give the account of Prophet Ibrāhīm’s (Abraham) ( ‘a ) debate with the polytheists of his time.