Be that as it may...

Be that as it may, this question does not significantly affect ijtihad and the understanding of the Qur'an, for it is an established fact that the Prophet (S) conveyed the Qur'anic verses at different times and on various occasions and re­cited them to the Muslims at Makkah and Madinah over a period of time. The time, place and circumstances of revelation, however, do help in the process of understanding the Qur'in.

But the question as to whether or not the verses were revealed at one time and completely or gradually and in parts does not make any difference. Accordingly, we refrain from further discussion in this regard. Makki and Madani Verses: The division of the Qur'anic vers6s into Makki and Madani is also a topic of discussion in the Qur'anic studies. It does considerably affect the understanding of the Qur'an and the Lawgiver's intent, and conse­quently the deduction of ahkam.

Experts and researchers have consid­ered twenty of the Qur'anic surahs as Madani. Opinions differ in respect of twelve surahs and the remaining surahs have been reckoned as Makki. Some investigators have sought for the distinctive characteristics of Makki and Madani surahs. A close study of these qualities will in­dicate the historical order of the exposition of different ethical, spiritual, doctrinal and ritual issues.

Al-`Allamah al-Suyuti has specified some special features of Makki surahs, as follows: The Makki surahs contain verses that mention sajdah (prostra­tion). The name 'Makkah' occurs in some of them. The phrase `O people,' is used therein to address the Muslims in general. The stories of the prophets and of past peoples, as well as the episode of Iblis (with the exception of Surat al-Baqarah), are narrated therein. The surahs begin with what are called al-huruf al-muqatta`ah such as etc.

The presence of these characteristics indicates that a surah is Makkan. There are, of course, other characteristics of Makkan surahs that have been pointed out, such as the shortness of the surahs and verses, powerful phrases and expressions, reference to doctrinal issues, the recurring oaths, arguments addressed to the idolaters and so on. But these characteristics are not generally applicable, though they may be of assistance to the researcher in pursuit of a more definite view­point.

The Different Readings: Another subject relevant to the study of the Qur'an and legal deduction is the difference of readings. There are three matters that need to be studied in this regard.